- mechanical, chemical and artistic parts of photography
- camera obscure was a darkened room with a pinhole and an upside-down image displayed on the opposite wall
- use of camera obscura as early as the 4th century BC
- wasn't until the 16th century it was used by artists as a tool to achieve detail
- lenses were made for greater sharpness
- more portable
- 18th century used mirrors
- lenses allowed artists to use different focal lengths
- an aid for drawing
- capture and fix an image on light sensitive material
- 1727, a natural philosopher Johann Heinrich Schulze noted and recorded certain salts of silver being altered on exposure to light
- some experimented but could not make the image permanent
- upper class commissioned work through painters
- lithography made it affordable for the middle class to have portraits of themselves
- camera lucida
- exact copy of nature
- c. 1800 Thomas Wedgwood, son of a famous potter, attempted to record the camera image by means of the action of light, worked with Sir Humphry Davy
- experimented with paper or white leather coated with silver nitrate
- painted transparencies
- in 1802 their explanation of their process was published in the Journals of the Royal Institution
- were not able to keep the image permanent
- showed results by candle light
- Joseph-Nicephore Niepce, around the same time, is credited to be the first person to successfully record a camera image and make it permanent
- achieved this with the help of his brother Claude
- paper negs were hard to keep permanent
- used pewter plates coated with bitumen of judea (tar-like substance)
- hardens to light
- heliograph
- immerse in a bath of lavender oil to remove the unhardened parts
- came out as a positive and then put into the camera obscura
- this was accomplished 1826 or 1827
- "View Fron His Window at Le Gras" world's first photo
- heliographs were one of a kind, called his process heliography (means sun writing)
- used glass plates, but none survived
- Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre from France
- used the same lens maker as Niepce
- in 1829 Niepce and Daguerre went into partnership (met in London)
- in 1833 Niepce died and his son Isidore continued the partnership, but is said to have contributed nothing
- 1837 the process was perfected, detail in shadows and highlights, called daguerreotypes
- used metal plates
- Daguerre used a copper sheet covered in silver
- iodine is more light sensitive
- silver iodide
- treated with fumes from heated mercury and fixed with salt water
- 1838 published his process in the New York Observer with the help of Samuel F. B. Morse
- "Two View of the DeTempo" Paris
- two pictures, one with a person and one without
- first person ever captured
- daguerreotypes were more portraits
- between 1839 and near the end of the 1850s daguerreotypes were popular
- these portraits were one of a kind
- in England, January 1839, William Henry Fox Talbot was able to have his images reproduced
- photogenic drawing (like a photogram)
- placed objects on light sensitive materials with silver chloride
- February 1835, described how to make a positive image
- paper negative is a reversed copy
- a positive is a re-reversed copy
- would cause fading
- sensitized paper inside a camera
- "Latticed Window" August 1835
- Talbot is credited with establishing the negative-positive process/system
- in 1840 changed the name to calotype, and then changed the name to talbotypes
- not the same detail or texture of a paper negative
- Sir John Herschel, creator of the cyanotype process, experimented to make image more permanent
- sodium thiosulfate fixed the negative image (1840) and thought he was working with sodium hyposulfate
- basic chemical in fix today
- incorrectly referred to sodium hyposulfate
- contacted Daguerre and Talbot
- change talbotypes to photography
- negative and positive process and photography was now the general name
- snapshot was also adopted (originally a hunting term)
- 1844, Talbot published the first photographic book called Pencil of Nature
- among the photos in the book, "Breakfast"
- Hercules Florenz claimed he had a process in 1832
- he had notebooks from 1833-1837 that clearly described his process
- Norwegian lawyer Hans Thoger Winther claimed he had a process since 1826
- Hippolyte Bayard, French, with his "self Portrait as a Drowned Man" 1840 (page 262)
- his response July 14, 1839
- exhibited 30 of his photos with his own process
- his process was a direct positive print, in camera
- Talbot was given a pension by the French government
- 1843, Scottish painter David Octavius Hill had a huge group portrait consisting of 407 people
- enlisted Robert Adamsom
- between 1843-1848 Hill and Adamson created over 1500 negatives with the caloptype process
- Adamson died in 1848
- sold as art
- Sandy Linton, 1843
- bright sunlight and concave mirror
- long exposure, but more casual
- "Two Fisherman"
- "broad strokes of light and shade"
- architectural or landscape with calotypes
- 1851 Louis Blanchart
- Maxine DuCamp, amateur photographer
- 1851, used the caloptype negative-positive process, but had the ability to render detail like a daguerreotype
- used coated glass instead of paper
- Niepce De Saint Vincent (related to Nicephore), 1847, used glass instead of paper
- paper absorbs liquid
- used albumin, egg whites
- silver sites
- not as sensitive
- albumin could coat the print
- 1851, English sculptor Frederick Scott Archer invented the collodion photographic process
- bromide, iodide or chloride salts dissolved in collodion and poured onto a glass plate
- plate placed in a silver nitrate and water solution, converting the salt to either silver bromide, iodide or chloride
- added potassium iodide
- tough, waterproof
- pyrogalic acid, had to wet when picture was taken as well as developed
- called the wet plate process, collodion process, or the collodion wet plate process
- photographers carried their darkrooms with them
- photographic van; 700 glass plates, rations and food
- 1880 the collodion process was popular
- tin type, look like daguerreotypes, made on a sheet of metal and black lacquer, and coated with collodion
- when tilted, daguerreotypes look like a negative
- ambiotypes, which are slightly underexposed glass plate negatives, look positive when tilted at a certain degree
- Roger Fenton, a lawyer, used calotypes
- founder of the Photographic Society of London
- war photographer, photographed the royal family
- first war photographer
- "Valley of the Shadow of Death" 1855
- 1861, art photography, English critic, wrote about doctored photos
- 1856, Gustave Le Gray practiced combination printing
- the glass had to be the size of the final print
- different size cameras
Sunday, January 18, 2009
History of Photography
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2 comments:
Thanks for the notes! You're awesome!! ps. the word i had to type to post this was mispolog...
You know of course you are the most loved person in the school for these notes right? So appreciate it.
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